Tom Burrell

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front matter. . .

Contents

I. Introduction

II. Medieval Institutions and Political Theory

A. Saint Peter and the Vicar of Christ
B.  The Coronation Oath
C.  Feudalism

III. Normans, Angevins, and the Magna Carta

A. The Norman Conquest and Henry I’s Charter
B. Consilium and Henry II’s Assizes
C. The Assizes of Clarendon and Novel Disseisin
D. Richard I: Regency and Community

IV. King John and the Magna Carta

A. Chapter 12
B. Chapter 39
C. Chapter 61

V. The Thirteenth Century after Runnymede

A. Henry III and “Evil” Councilors
B. The Baronial Period of Reform, 1258–1265
C. Edward I and the Council in Parliament

IV. The Fourteenth Century and the Rise of Participatory Government

A. Edward II’s Coronation Oath and Baronial Reform
B. The Ordinances and the Competition for “Right and Reason”
C. The Ordainers, Rebellion, and the Statute of York
D. The Commons’ Petition
E. The King’s Council and Common Law
F. Archbishop Stratford and Judicium Parium
G. Richard II and Impeachment

VII. Summary of the Medieval Period: The High Court of Parliament

VIII. The Seventeenth Century and Reason of State

IX. The American Constitution

A. Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and Amendments to the Articles
B. The United States Constitution and the Fifth Amendment

X. The Judiciary and Due Process of Law: Substantive Due Process

A. Due Process of Law, Law of the Land, and Constitutional Common Law
B. Vested Property Interests and Due Process of Law
C. The Fifth Amendment, Substantive Due Process of Law, and Judicial Enforcement of the Bill of Rights
D. The Fourteenth Amendment and Substantive Due Process
E. Modern Supreme Court Law

XI. Conclusion

HTML Index (pdf)

A

Adams, George Burton…………… 22, 97

American Revolution … 172, 243, 265, 267

1774 Declaration and Resolves.. 169

American Independence …171, 191, 265, 267

Antifederalists…………………… 181, 182

arbitrary rule……….. 119, 230, 233, 250

America lost appreciation for concept of   … 187, 216, 218

America, use of ..169, 185, 187, 190, 197, 203, 216, 221, 239, 247, 250

England, use of ……3, 41, 48–70, 78, 134, 137, 145, 155–66, 184, 187, 207, 231, 232, 240, 265

judiciary creating arbitrary rule ..185, 245, 248

Arlidge, Anthony………………………… 55

Article V……. 268, see also Constitution

Articles of Confederation ..17, 168, 172, 173, 179

amendments to……………………. 175

Ashley, Maurice…………………. 162, 163

assizes… 26, 32–44, 46, 57, 58, 60, 63, 84, 183

Assize of Clarendon…………… 36, 37

presentment juries…………….. 36

Assize of Novel Disseisin…..36, 39–41

B

Baker, J.H…. 22, 33, 37, 40, 42, 43, 77, 118

Baldwin, James F. …….35, 73, 81, 85, 89, 114–22, 122

Bank of Columbia v. Okely, 17 U.S. 235 (1819)  …. 203

Baronial Period of Reform, 1258 .17, 43, 50, 70–80, 85, 93, 98, 99, 106, 112, 116, 127, 132, 138

as a building block………………….. 79

Committee of Twenty-Four……… 73

community of bachelors………….. 79

Council of Fifteen… 71–80, 101, 132

Provisions of Oxford……………….. 74

Bartlett, Robert………………… 32, 43, 75

battle, trial by ….14, 22, 40, 41, 53, see also judicial proofs

Berger, Raoul…………………………… 188

Biancalana, Joseph…. 24–26, 33, 39, 41

Bible …see also church; Christian empire

Jesus Christ…………………………… 11

Luke……………………………………… 9

Matthew……………………………….. 5

Paul…………………………………… 7, 8

Romans…………………………………. 7

Saint Peter……………………………… 5

bicameralism……. see also Constitution

Bidwell, William B……………………… 149

Bill of Rights…………………………….. 164

as guiding principle………… 233, 239

English ……134, 152, 164, 165, 233, 268

incorporation of…………….. 251, 252

judicial activism……………………. 240

state bills of rights… 171, 182, 183, 192, 233, 234, 237, 239, 265

United States …182, 194, 230, 236, 251, 252, 256, 266

unnecessary….…….234, 235, 238–40

bills of attainder…… 192, 204, 213, 247

Blackstone, Sir William…. 151, 185, 201

Bonham’s Case ….see also Coke, Sir Edward

Bracton…………………………. 11, 82, 150

Bracton’s antinomy…………… 11, 13

Bracton’s two theories of kingship 11

natural law…………………………… 13

Brand, Paul……………………… 25, 82, 87

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)                    257

Brown, A.L………………………………… 36

Burgh, Hubert de…………………. 70, 125

Burns, J.H…………………………………… 6

Burrell, Thomas H…..17, 21, 47, 168, 172, 174, 180, 241, 242, 245, 251–53, 257–59

C

Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798) …211, 218

Cam, Helen…….. 80, 100, 121, 130, 143

Canning, J.P………………………….. 16, 46

Carpenter, D.A……………. 55, 67, 68, 75

Chapman, Nathan S……………. 186, 201

Charles I…………………….. 153, 161, 162

execution of………………………… 162

Charles II…………………………………. 162

charter of liberties……………………… 17

Henry’s……………………………. 31, 52

Stephen’s……………………………… 32

charter privileges and immunities ….17, 55

checks and balances ….see also Constitution

Cheney, C.R………………………. 9, 17, 50

Christian appeals………………………. 6, 7

null and void…………………………… 6

reason of sin……………………….. 6, 7

Christian empire………………………….. 6

consent…………………………………. 6

papal release…… 65, 79, 90, 93, 139

papal review…………………………… 7

Saint Ambrose………………………… 7

sword bearer………… 9, 44, 140, 166

temporal and spiritual swords……. 9

church ….see also Bible; Christian empire

canon law……………….. 5–14, 42, 50

corporate status……………………… 6

Petrinacy……………………………. 6, 8

reason ….7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 86, 94–96, 99, 104, 106, 109, 117, 128, 140, 149, 207, 268

Coke’s artificial reason………. 149

ratione alligatus………………….. 8

Civil Rights Act of 1866………… 243, 252

civil war………………………. 1, 19, 44, 50

American……………………… 241, 249

English ….1, 53, 65, 72, 79, 80, 147, 162

Clarke, Maude Violet………….. 124, 143

Coke, Sir Edward …..52, 53, 148, 155, 161, 185, 196, 205, 217, 231, 246, 248, 267

advocacy rather than legal history ….148

Cole, Maija J…………………………….. 149

common consent ….35, 145, 147, 159, 160, 165, 168, 185, 233, 236, 243, 267, 268

common counsel …3, 26, 29, 34, 35, 55–57, 62, 67, 72, 88, 100, 102, 109, 128, 137

assent ..……34, 35, 85, 88, 101, 102, 106, 130, 143, 175, 176

common law……………………………… 78

American adoption of…….. 170, 191

birth of………………………………… 42

common law ineffective………… 122

common-law procedure ….82, 116, 118, 126, 129, 130, see also Council sub conciliar process; assizes; due process of law; law of the land

information or suggestion……… 118

ius commune………………………… 42

king’s ability to record crimes…. 106

common utility ….7, 8, see also Christian empire; Petrinacy; kingship; judicial activism sub judicial prerogative

common good….. 67, 68, 79, 87, 207

common profit ….88, 91, 101, 102, 104, 123, 140, 268

necessity ….8, 10, 18, 44, 57, 60, 86–88, 95, 96, 114, 137, 140, 151, 163, 169, 207, 268

salus populi suprema lex ….see also commonwealth

welfare …10, 18, 44, 57, 86, 96, 102, 114, 136, 163, 166, 241, 245, 268

commonalty ……93, 106, 113, 139, see also High Court of Parliament

commonwealth …166, 267, see also judicial activism sub courtwealth

commune, London’s……………………. 46

competition over right, reason, utility, and necessity …. 91, 95, 99, 102, 106, 109, 128, 158

compurgation ….14, 15, 22, 38, 40, 61, see also judicial proofs

congressional enforcement of the law…..174, 178

Constitution

Article V………………………. 264, 268

as a black box…………. 204, 256, 264

bicameralism………….. 111, 171, 180

checks and balances… 179, 248, 266

ex post facto…………………. 192, 213

impeachment………………………. 180

ratification………………………….. 182

we the people………………. 264, 267

constitutional common law….. 191–93, 196, 202, 214, 246, 267

Constitutional Convention of 1787 …179, 188, 194, 234, 236, 266

coronation charter……………. 17, 31, 32

coronation oath ……. 14–18, 30, 31, 52, 82, 86–102, 104, 107, 128, 133, 134, 136, 139, see also kingship, theory of

inalienable rights … 16, 233, 250, 251

Costello, George A…………………….. 256

Council ….22, 34, 35, 61, 62, 69, 71–80, 80–90, 97–113, 114–22, 127, 132, 138, 140, 143, 180

chancellor ….45, 69, 72, 75, 77, 83, 115, 116, 121

committee of hearers……………. 115

conciliar process……………. 118, 120

concilium baronum………………… 69

Council’s judicial role……… 116, 145

common law ineffective……. 122

due process of law…………… 121

Council’s legislative role………… 115

false suggestions……………. 120, 121

justiciar……………. 45, 69, 72, 75–77

council-regency … see also kingship, sub regency

Coutances, Archbishop Walter de ….45, 47, 63

cruel and unusual punishment …..…see also Constitution

curia regis….. 11, 13, 27, 28, 37, 43, 117

D

Darnel’s Case …153, see also forced loans

Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819) ….203, 230

Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U.S. 97 (1878)….. 211

Davies, James Conway …..86, 91, 95, 96, 99, 101–05

Davies, R.G……………. 75, 113, 114, 116

De la Pole, Chancellor………………… 131

impeachment………………………. 131

Denton, J.H……………………………….. 75

deposition …8, 16, 46, 108, 142, see also church; High Court of Parliament

Edward II’s deposition…………… 107

John’s almost………………………… 51

Richard II’s deposition…………… 134

Despensers……………………….. 105, 126

diffidatio…………….. see also feudalism

disseisin……………… see also feudalism

Dodd, Gwilym………. 6, 81, 83, 111, 112

Domesday Survey………………….. 30, 36

Douglas, David C…. 2, 15, 21, 30, 31, 37

Dred Scott…………………………. 229, 230

Due Process Clause ….2, 183, 189, 191, 211, 212, 228, 230, 231, 245, 249–64

substantive due process ….3, 230, 231, 233, 245, 252, 257

due process of law ….2, 117, 118, 121, 126, 129, 145, 154, 155, 159, 182–264, 266, 267, see also Magna Carta; Chapter 39; Fifth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment

caught red-handed………….. 23, 129

E

Easterbrook, Frank H………….. 183, 186

Edward I ….6, 19, 33, 80–91, 93, 96, 99, 101, 103, 107, 109, 114, 116, 119, 139, 144, 157, 231

Council in Parliament……………… 85

law giver………………………………. 85

Edward II …..15, 75, 91–109, 114, 116, 128, 139, 141, 144

coronation oath of…………………. 92

Edward III …108, 113, 123, 124, 130, 142

Ehrlich, Ludwik………………….. 8, 82, 93

Elton, G.R………………………………… 122

English Constitution ….1, 135, 141, 147, 165, 168, 179, 231, 265, 267

Equal Protection Clause ….see also Fourteenth Amendment

Evans, G.R…………………………………… 9

evil councilors …91, 96, 101, 104, 140, 152, 232

evolving standards of decency…….. 264

ex post facto…….. see also Constitution

excommunication …8, 9, 16, 44, 51–53, 65, 68, 71, 79, 83, 97, 124, 140, see also church

John’s………………………………….. 51

F

Farrand, Max…………………….. 179, 180

federalism………………….. 241, 256, 266

feudalism………………………. 18, 46, 128

commendation……………………… 21

Conrad II…………………………. 23, 60

consilium …21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 69, 102, 137, see also common counsel

diffidatio………………………… 25, 143

diffidation …25, 26, 44, 54, 58, 62, 108, 140, 143

disseisin…….. 24, 39, 48, 59, 61, 184

distraint …24, 36, 38, 39, 41, 49, 62, 67, 97, 138, 140, 173, 178

fealty………. 8, 15, 20, 23, 52, 57, 69

feud…………………………………….. 19

feudal contract……………………… 24

homage …21, 23, 24, 32, 52, 66, 94, 95, 108

judgment before………….. 22, 48, 54

sine judicio et injuste………….. 39

judicium parium.……………………. 57

maintenance……………………. 20, 21

oath-worthy………………………….. 20

retainers………………………………. 19

self-help………………………………. 26

surety………………… 19, 20, 120, 121

tenants in chief….. 21, 26, 28, 57, 58

Field, Justice Stephen J… 245, 249, 251, 252, 254, 257, 258

Fifteenth Amendment……………….. 241

Fifth Amendment …2, 3, 179, 182, 227, 228, 254, 256, 264, 266

plain-language construction of …183, 191, 217

Five Knights Case ..see also forced loans

forced loans……………….. 152, 153, 158

Fourteenth Amendment …3, 241, 251, 252, 256–58, 266

Equal Protection Clause …242, 252, 256, 257, 261

substantive equal protection …253

fundamental law …1, 97, see also arbitrary rule; Constitution; English Constitution

binding the king…………………… 149

Constitution………………………… 181

judicial use of ….223, 224, 246, 254–56, 258, 259, 264, 268

Magna Carta as……………….. 97, 187

prerogative a part of…………….. 154

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) …264

G

Galbraith, V.H……………………………. 30

Ganshof, F.L…………………………. 19, 21

Gaveston, Piers or Peter …91, 93, 96, 102, 105, 126

Gedicks, Frederick Mark…………….. 251

Glorious Revolution …162, 163, 165, 168, 265, 268

seven bishops case……………….. 163

Goldsworthy, Jeffrey …117, 152, 155, 157, 158, 165, 202

Great Councils …27, 34, 70, 72, 74, 75, 103, 123

Greenaway, George W………. 15, 31, 37

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) …258, 260

H

habeas corpus …2, 152, 153, 158, 162, 236

Haines, Charles Grove….. 205, 211, 251

Hamilton, Alexander …185–90, 202, 204, 205

Harding, Alan …14, 19, 22, 31, 36, 37, 40, 45, 76, 87, 110

Harrison, John……… 204, 212, 230, 231

Harriss, G.L. …….10, 72, 88–97, 99, 110–16, 124, 131–33, 144

Haxey, Thomas………………….. 134, 163

Haywood, Attorney General …193, 198, 232

heightened scrutiny …see also judicial review

Helmholz, R.H……………………………. 42

Henry I……. 6, 17, 30, 31, 45, 52, 53, 55

Henry II ….32, 35, 36, 39, 48, 49, 52, 57, 59, 63, 76, 77, 81, 183

Henry III …66–71, 78–90, 109, 127, 139, 144

majority………………………….. 67, 68

minority……………………………….. 66

Henry IV………………………………….. 134

Herle, Charles…………………………… 158

Hershey, Andrew H……… 72, 76, 77, 81

High Court of Parliament …1, 84, 129, 132, 136, 139, 142, 144, 145, 265

impeachment….. 128, 129, 131, 142

parley………………………………….. 27

parliamentary procedure……….. 133

parliamentary sovereignty …2, 3, 29, 140, 145, 165, 166, 265

partnership with community …141, 145

Holdsworth, Sir William….27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 43, 49, 55, 77, 78, 82, 83, 112, 115, 122, 149, 152, 153, 162, 165

Holmes v. Walton (New Jersey 1780) ….202

Holmes, George……………………….. 129

Holt, James C…………….. 44–64, 75, 128

House of Commons…………………. 1, 75

Commons …3, 42, 75, 100, 104–67, 181, 184, 185, 242, 265, 267

impeachment …2, 99, 108, 130–33, 135, 139, 142, 152

Hurnard, Naomi D………………………. 36

Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884) ….230, 245, 246, 248

I

indictment and presentment… 37, 38, 60, 109, 118, 121, 129, 130, 142, 154, 155, 183, 185, 190, 202, 204, 245, see also assizes; common-law procedure; due process of law; law of the land

information…….. see also common law

Innocent III, Pope…….. 9, 17, 50–54, 65

inquest ….30, 39, 76, 80, 129, see also assize

itinerant judges………………………….. 37

J

James I…………………………….. 150, 162

James II……………………………. 162, 163

Jefferson, Thomas…………………….. 237

Jensen, Merrill……………. 172, 174, 175

Johnson, Robert C…………………….. 149

Jolliffe, John Edward Austin …7–117, 19, 25, 35, 64, 103, 108, 111, 143

Judge, Igor………………………………… 55

judicial activism ….245, 256, 258, 261, 264, see also arbitrary rule

courtwealth………………………… 257

judicial anarchy……………………. 211

judicial hegemony………….. 263, 264

judicial prerogative….. 205, 240, 245

judicial state…………… 258, 267, 268

reasonableness review …3, 219, 251, 254, 255, 261, 264, 268

fairness…..204, 230, 245, 254, 257

tyranny of the majority…… 240, 248

judicial nominations………………….. 264

judicial proofs ….38, see also battle, trial by; compurgation; ordeal; trial by jury; inquest; oath; judicium parium

judicial review… 224, 227, 235, 248, 264

beyond reasonable doubt ………202, 217, 227, 248, 249

heightened scrutiny……….. 254, 255

judicial restraint…………………… 216

rational basis………………… 254, 255

vested property interests………. 211

judicium parium ….22, 38, 46, 60, 61, 109, 125–27, 129, 130, 142, 144, 181, see also feudalism; High Court of Parliament

Judson, Margaret Atwood……… 148–63

Jurow, Keith…………………………….. 120

K

Kantorowicz, Ernst………… 8, 11, 18, 99

Keeler, Mary F………………………….. 149

Keeney, Barnaby C…………………. 23, 61

Kent, Chancellor James…… 192, 237–40

Kenyon, J.P……… 148, 150, 158, 160–63

Kern, Fritz……………………. 8, 10, 29, 33

Killian, Johnny H……………………….. 256

kin…………………………………………… 19

King, P.D…………………………………… 10

kingship, theory of ….9, 18, 82, see also vicar of God; church; common utility; arbitrary rule

above the law….. 11, 12, 18, 86, 136

divine right …117, 150, 165, 205, 265

fountain of justice…………….. 10, 28

minority ….22, 66, 69, 72, 73, 78–90, 108, 127, 130–32, 138, 141

non obstante…………….. 68, 86, 164

paradox……………………………….. 29

per perceptum domini regis …59, 77, 153

per voluntatem ….10, 48, 66, 184, 233, 268

placing government in council …72, 73, 78, 131

prerogative …..127, 128, 152, 154, 265

proceedings against king or his ministers  …..57, 58, 81, 93, 97, 108, 128, 136, 153

quo warranto……………… 68, 76, 80

quod habet vigorem legis principi placuit ….10

regency ….45, 66, 67, 69, 74, 78, 87, 93, 108, 124, 127, 131, 138

separate capacities……. 95, 107, 150

succession, conciliatory attitude …67, 87, 130, 134, 141

two bodies…………………….. 8, 9, 11

vicar of God ….9, 11, 33, 58, 165, see also church

gratia Dei………………. 10, 16, 29

voluntas princepis….. 29, 44, 57, 153

knights and burgesses ….75, 76, 79, 103, 106, 107, 110–12, 123, 142

L

Lackland, King John ….1, 16, 25, 35, 36, 44–66, 69, 87, 90, 139, 144

Lancaster, Henry of…………….. 106, 130

Lancaster, Thomas of…… 104, 105, 129

Langton, Stephen………………….. 51, 52

Lapsley, Gaillard T…. 107, 125, 128, 129

law of the land ….2, 42, 57, 59, 60, 69, 100, 101, 115–28, 154, 182–264,  see also due process of law; Magna Carta

concept includes Parliament’s acts 155

Leges Edwardi………………………. 52, 55

Leges Henrici Primi……………. 31, 52, 55

legibus solutus …..8, see kingship, theory of sub proceedings against king

Liberty of Conscience or Declaration of Indulgence ….162

Liebermann, Felix……………………….. 27

Lindsay v. Commissioners, 2 S.C.L. 38 (Ct. App. 1796)…..209, 212–14

Locke, John…… 166, 167, 207, 233, 267

Longchamp, William…………. 45–47, 63

Lords Appellant…………………. 132, 133

Lovejoy, David S……………………….. 168

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) .259

Luscombe, D.E……………….. 7, 9, 25, 50

Lyon, Bryce …..20, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 46

M

Maddicott, J.R. 15, 27, 34, 55, 67, 72, 73, 79, 87, 90, 96, 98, 102, 105

Madison, James…………… 173, 180, 235

Magna Carta…. 2, 17, 24, 48–64, 124–26, 137, 139, 143, 154, 157, 161, 167, 169, 202, 203, 230, 231, 265, 266

Articuli super Cartas ….71, 89, 98, 101, 119, 139

Chapter 12………………… 55, 56, 137

Chapter 39 ….2, 55, 57, 60, 117, 137, 183, 266

Chapter 40……………………………. 77

Chapter ….61 55, 61, 62, 65, 67, 73, 94, 97, 137, 138

Confirmatio Cartarum of 1297 ….17, 88, 98, 268

confirmation of ….55, 70, 71, 78, 88, 97, 99, 112, 123, 125, 134, 138, 140, 143, 144, 158

taxes………… 67, 71, 88, 123, 138

foundation for statute 138, 142, 143, 205

Magna Carta as a bargaining chip ….71, 79, 138

modify………… 71, 84, 100, 157, 231

Runnymede……………………… 54, 65

spirit of………………………………… 71

Maitland, Frederic……….. 19, 22, 24, 83

Malcolm, Joyce Lee…………….. 150, 158

Markus, R.A………………………………. 14

Marshall, John………………………….. 234

Mason, George………………….. 181, 182

Matthew……………………. see also Bible

Mayo v. Wilson, 1 N.H. 53 (1817) 198, 201

McConnell, Michael W….. 186, 201, 257

McKean, Thomas………………………. 234

McKechnie, William Sharpe… 49, 53–55

McKisack, May… 110, 111, 123–25, 130

medieval political theory……………….. 5

Merciless Parliament ….130, 133,  see also Richard II

Milsom, S.F.C………………………. 76, 117

Morris, Colin …….6, 7, 9, 46, 50, 51, 85, 107

Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co., 59 U.S. 272 (1856)……228, 229

Musson, Anthony… 37, 81, 98, 112, 134

Myers, A.R………………………….. 131–34

N

natural law 8, 10, 13, 14, 33, 93, 95, 136, 145, 233, see also Bracton

Necessary and Proper Clause………. 181

necessity, law of …..see also common utility; kingship sub separate capacities

Nelson, Janet…………………………….. 17

Nicol, D.M…………………………………. 10

Norman Conquest …14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 60, 66

William the Conqueror……………. 30

Normandy………………….. 45, 49, 50, 69

Northwest Ordinance…………. 183, 236

Notestein, Wallace……………………. 149

O

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. — (2015) ….261

ordeal ….14, 22, 38, 40, 61, see also judicial proofs

Ordinances ….71, 89, 98, 99, 101, 104–06, 110, 119, 123, 125

Baronial Declaration……………….. 95

Ordainers ….80, 125, 127, 132, 140, 142, 268

right and reason ….99, see also competition over right, reason, utility, and necessity

original writs…….. 33, 77, 118, 121, 145

register of writs……………………… 81

Ormrod, Mark W…..37, 81, 98, 111, 112, 134

Osgood, Herbert L…………………….. 168

P

Palmer, Robert C………………………… 25

Paper Constitution……. 72, 73, 132, 138

Parliament …..see also High Court of Parliament

participatory government ……..2, 3, 29, 160, 165, 170, 179, 185, 197, 207, 232, 243, 252, 257, 264, 267, 268, see also High Court of Parliament; arbitrary rule; Constitution; fundamental law

Paterson, Justice ….208, 211, see also vested property interests; judicial activism

petitions. ….12, 62, 63, 70, 75–87, 98, 100, 103, 110–22, 125–44, 158, 160, 163, 229

Commons’ petitions… 111, 112, 142

grace ..10, 13, 16, 28, 48, 81, 82, 116, 117, 142, 160, 163

hallmark of the English Constitution …110

hearers………………………….. 83, 115

Petition of Right …82, 143, 152, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163, 187, 231

right to…………… 134, 163, 170, 233

Plucknett, Theodore F.T. …..7–117, 31, 84, 100, 129, 130, 132, 133, 148, 153, 162, 165, 233

police power……………………… 241, 245

Pollard, A.F…………………………………. 8

Poole, Austin Lane ….17, 22, 23, 31, 35, 37, 38, 43, 44–66

positive law …..8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 32, 60, 86, 96

Post, Gaines…………… 10, 11, 13, 18, 88

Powell v. Pennsylvania, 127 U.S. 678 (1888) ….248

Powicke, Sir Maurice …..18, 59, 66–71, 76, 78–90, 121

prerogative ….see also kingship, theory of

Prestwich, Michael ….88, 89, 91, 98, 105, 110, 123, 125

privacy, right to …3, 211, 255, 257, 258, 260

Privy Seal……….. 89, 100, 101, 119, 145

Procope, John………………………… 7, 10

Provisions of Oxford ….101, see also Baronial Reform Period

Q

Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer ….107

querelae……………….. 72, 76, 80, 81, 89

R

Rakove, Jack N…………………… 172, 174

rational basis…. see also judicial review

reason of sin ….see also Christian appeals; church

reasonableness ….see also judicial activism; church sub reason

recognition……………………… 37, 39–41

regency…… see also kingship, theory of

Relf, Frances Helen …149, 152–54, 158, 160, 161

representative government …2, 3, 171, 233, 264

republican principles …171, 196, 264, 265, 267

Reynolds, Susan………….. 14, 22, 23, 33

Richard I……… 34, 44, 45, 47, 48, 62, 73

Richard II ….3, 99, 109, 128–35, 130, 133, 147, 163, 267

Richardson, H.G. …14, 15, 18, 23, 25, 34, 49, 58, 63–66, 74, 76, 81, 85–87, 94, 104, 106, 114, 144

Riggs, Robert E……… 155, 171, 185, 188

Roberts, Chief Justice John…………. 261

Robinson, I.S………………… 5, 6, 7, 9, 16

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) ….259, 261

Rogers, Alan……………….. 109, 132, 133

Roman Catholics………………………. 162

Rothwell, Harry ….2, 46, 52, 54, 56, 61, 65, 72, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 106, 184

Rufus, William……………………………. 31

rule of law …140, 144, 203, 204, 232, 242, 243, 267, 268, see also due process of law; arbitrary rule; judicial activism

Russell, Conrad. …151, 153, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164

S

Saint Peter………. see also Bible; church

salus populi suprema lex ….see also commonwealth

same-sex marriage ….257, 261, 262, see also Obergefell v. Hodges

Saul, Nigel……………………………….. 130

Sayles, George O……… 7–117, 146, 160

Scalia, Justice Antonin……………….. 262

school desegregation…… 253, 257, 258

Schwartz, Bernard…………………….. 202

Schwoerer, Lois G. ….152, 153, 163–66, 233

scutage…………………………. 56, 66, 137

Semple, W.H……………………… 9, 17, 50

Simpson, Hartley………………………. 149

Star Chamber……………………. 122, 162

State v. —, 2 N.C. (1 Hayw.) 50 (1794) …192, 232

statute ….33, 60, 84, 86, 99, 100, 107, 110–22, 128, 143, 144, 154, 164, 231, see also High Court of Parliament

42 Edward III………………… 156, 231

annul….. 86, 114, 116, 128, 146, 163

Edwardian statute………. 84, 85, 157

equity and the rule of law… 117, 157

importance of………… 113, 114, 205

king in council enough for……….. 85

modify law………………. 84, 157, 231

ordinance…. 39, 84, 85, 99, 114, 115

resolution of justice……….. 113, 140

royal legislation……………………… 33

suspending and dispensing …10, 152, 162–64, 224, 233, 265, 268

Statute of 1341…….. 126, 127, 129, 132

Statute of York………… 15, 93, 102, 106

Stenton, Doris M………………. 22, 25, 41

Storing, Herbert J….. 181, 182, 234, 239

Stratford, Archbishop John 99, 122, 123–25, 128

Stubbs, William……………………. 15, 246

Supremacy Clause…………………….. 266

suspending and dispensing ….see also statute; common utility; kingship sub prerogative

Sutherland, Donald W…………………. 80

T

Tait, James………………………………… 47

Taney, Chief Justice Roger B. …..229, 230, 245, 253

taxation without representation ….2, 152, 265, see also arbitrary rule; Constitution

Thirteenth Amendment………. 241, 253

Thomas, Kenneth R…………………… 256

Thompson, Faith ….68, 71, 86, 97, 100, 101, 105, 114, 117, 120, 121, 134, 154

Tierney, Brian……………… 6, 7, 9, 32, 50

Tite, Colin G.C……………………. 129, 152

Tout, T.F… 74, 86, 89, 98, 101, 105, 107, 108, 129, 130

Treharne, R.F………………………… 71–80

Trevett v. Weeden (Rhode Island 1786) ….202

trial by jury ……3, 37, 38, 185, 191–93, 198, 202, 204, 213, 229, 236, 239, see also judicial proofs

petit jury………………………………. 38

Trustees of the University of North Carolina v. Foy, 5 N.C. 57 (1805)….214, 216, 217

Tudors…………….. 3, 122, 135, 145, 148

Turner, Ralph V. ….11, 35, 43, 44, 46, 48, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 67–70, 78, 86

tyranny ….49, 134, 158, 230, 239, 266–68, see also arbitrary rule; High Court of Parliament; judicial activism

U

Ullmann, Walter ….5–16, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 60

ascending theory…………………… 29

descending theory…………………. 29

V

Valente, Claire…………………… 108, 109

Van Caenegem, R.C…. 26, 31, 33, 38–41

Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance, 2 U.S. 304 (1795) ….211, see also vested property interests

vested property interests ….48, 68, 151, 177, 193, 206, 212, 214, 217, 218, 221–23

A-to-B laws…………………………. 211

due process of law……………….. 217

law of the land………………. 212, 214

natural law defense of……. 207, 208

origin of judicial activism…. 206, 211

representative consent ….151, 206, 210, 211

takings………………….. 184, 207, 217

jury required…………………… 208

just compensation …….183, 191, 208, 212, 213

necessity………………………… 207

vicar of God ….see also kingship theory; Bible; Christian empire sub two swords

vox curiae, vox Dei.……………………. 268

vox populi, vox Dei …109, see also commonwealth

W

Walter, Archbishop Hubert…………… 50

Warren, Chief Justice Earl …258, 259, 261, see also judicial activism

Watt, J.A……………………………. 6, 9, 16

we the people….. see also Constitution

Webster, Daniel …203–05, 230, 245, 247, 253

western constitutionalism……. 205, 207

White, Stephen D…………………. 148–63

Wilkinson, Bertie …..7–117, 102, 107, 125–27, 130, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 145, 211

Williams, Ryan C. …171, 183, 185, 198, 205, 214, 242

Witan………………………………………. 27

written or unwritten constitutions ….33, 35, 60, 62, 84, 203, 212, 217, 220, 224, 239, 248, 258, 267, 268

Wynehamer v. People, 13 N.Y. 378 (1856)…..217–19, 221, 223, 248

Z

Zylstra v. Corp. of Charleston, 1 S.C.L. 382 (Ct. Com. Pl. 1794) ….. 214