Tom Burrell
Liberty and Common Consent
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Magna Carta and Due Process of Law: The Road to American Judicial Activism
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Magna Carta and Due Process of Law: The Road to American Judicial Activism provides a superb history of the rise of Parliament and the American Constitution. Unlike other authors covering this topic, Thomas Burrell examines American courts and discusses judicial activism. The due process language...
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"[T]he principles of judgment before execution and participation in taxation were central features of feudal justice and the Magna Carta. Due process of law was the opposite of Angevin monarchy per voluntatem—the opposite of the abuses generating the Magna Carta: arbitrary arresting, imprisoning, exiling, and disseisin. By the mid-fourteenth century, the Lords and Commons were jealous of conciliar encroachments upon the common law. Due process of law was shorthand for legal procedure such as indictment and presentment, which were components of the common law or law of the land. Royal and conciliar actions were arbitrary because they did not follow the law. The Lords and Commons of Parliament could extend, modify, or repeal the common law when prudence called. Due process of law and law of the land were not what the law ought to be but what it was. In its proper context, “due process of law” had meaning against the king and other arbitrary actors, never against the common consent of the Lords and Commons. Such an application would turn common consent’s essential nature against itself, a perversion creating arbitrary from participatory." Burrell, Magna Carta and Due Process of Law, 184-85.
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Magna Carta and Due Process of Law: The Road to American Judicial Activism
Magna Carta and Due Process of Law: The Road to American Judicial Activism provides a superb history of the rise of Parliament and the American Constitution. Unlike other authors covering this topic, Thomas Burrell examines American courts and discusses judicial activism. The due process language in the Magna Carta and English history reveals a strenuous effort to establish and protect participatory government from the arbitrary king ruling by will. In America, the framers of state and federal constitutions parroted the language. Courts and common-law constitutionalism, however, rewrote the concept of the language. American courts have championed substantive due process to the detriment of representative government. After introducing the subject matter, Burrell provides a brief history of medieval political theory. The theory of kingship is examined and discussed. In the third chapter, we learn of Henry II’s rule per voluntatem as well as his assizes and the birth of the common law. The fourth chapter discusses King John and his fight with the barons leading up to the 1215 Magna Carta. With the Magna Carta, the barons established a foothold in the fight against the arbitrary king. The fifth chapter examines the remainder of the thirteenth century. With additional reform efforts, the barons took the gains of the Magna Carta to another level. Following Henry III’s reign, Edward I was a good king who ruled with his Council in Parliament. The sixth chapter discusses the rise of participatory government in the fourteenth century. During Edward II’s reign, the barons and Ordainers infiltrated the king’s Council in Parliament and transformed Parliament into a baronial system with lords and peers. In this chapter, the Commons’ petition is discussed along with the Council and the common law. Knights and burgesses, the Commons, frequently complained of royal or conciliar encroachment on the common law and Parliament’s law of the land—the need to safeguard due process of law from arbitrary forces. The seventh chapter summarizes medieval English legal history and the High Court of Parliament. Burrell makes several observations about the English Constitution. The eighth chapter carries the English Constitution into the seventeenth century. Briefly, this chapter notes conflict during the Stuarts and the resulting changes to the English form of government. Many of the gains introduced with the Magna Carta and fourteenth-century reforms were realized in the seventeenth century. The ninth chapter discusses the American Constitution and the Fifth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment uses language directly from Magna Carta’s Chapter 39. The tenth chapter examines judicial activism and substantive due process in the state and federal courts. American judges in the early nineteenth century struggled with language and fused variable meanings and constitutional common law to the concept of due process of law. Ultimately, judges inverted the original meaning from protecting participatory government to creating arbitrary government in the judiciary. One case precedent provided authority for the next until a complete fabrication of the concept was achieved. America became a judicial state. In this judicial state, judges have the power to socially reengineer society by inventing constitutional restrictions on representative government. The people are left out of the equation. Whether you are on the American or English side of the Atlantic, you’ll find Magna Carta and Due Process of Law: The Road to American Judicial Activism educational and rewarding. Have a position on gay marriage, abortion, equal rights, religious liberty, or the death penalty? Improve your knowledge and argument with Magna Carta and Due Process of Law. In the process, you’ll learn about English legal history, the American Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the United States Supreme Court.
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Contents
I. Introduction
II. Medieval Institutions and Political Theory
A. Saint Peter and the Vicar of Christ
B. The Coronation Oath
C. FeudalismIII. Normans, Angevins, and the Magna Carta
A. The Norman Conquest and Henry I’s Charter
B. Consilium and Henry II’s Assizes
C. The Assizes of Clarendon and Novel Disseisin
D. Richard I: Regency and CommunityIV. King John and the Magna Carta
A. Chapter 12
B. Chapter 39
C. Chapter 61V. The Thirteenth Century after Runnymede
A. Henry III and “Evil” Councilors
B. The Baronial Period of Reform, 1258–1265
C. Edward I and the Council in ParliamentIV. The Fourteenth Century and the Rise of Participatory Government
A. Edward II’s Coronation Oath and Baronial Reform
B. The Ordinances and the Competition for “Right and Reason”
C. The Ordainers, Rebellion, and the Statute of York
D. The Commons’ Petition
E. The King’s Council and Common Law
F. Archbishop Stratford and Judicium Parium
G. Richard II and ImpeachmentVII. Summary of the Medieval Period: The High Court of Parliament
VIII. The Seventeenth Century and Reason of State
IX. The American Constitution
A. Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and Amendments to the Articles
B. The United States Constitution and the Fifth AmendmentX. The Judiciary and Due Process of Law: Substantive Due Process
A. Due Process of Law, Law of the Land, and Constitutional Common Law
B. Vested Property Interests and Due Process of Law
C. The Fifth Amendment, Substantive Due Process of Law, and Judicial Enforcement of the Bill of Rights
D. The Fourteenth Amendment and Substantive Due Process
E. Modern Supreme Court LawHTML Index (pdf)
A
Adams, George Burton…………… 22, 97
American Revolution … 172, 243, 265, 267
1774 Declaration and Resolves.. 169
American Independence …171, 191, 265, 267
Antifederalists…………………… 181, 182
arbitrary rule……….. 119, 230, 233, 250
America lost appreciation for concept of … 187, 216, 218
America, use of ..169, 185, 187, 190, 197, 203, 216, 221, 239, 247, 250
England, use of ……3, 41, 48–70, 78, 134, 137, 145, 155–66, 184, 187, 207, 231, 232, 240, 265
judiciary creating arbitrary rule ..185, 245, 248
Arlidge, Anthony………………………… 55
Article V……. 268, see also Constitution
Articles of Confederation ..17, 168, 172, 173, 179
amendments to……………………. 175
Ashley, Maurice…………………. 162, 163
assizes… 26, 32–44, 46, 57, 58, 60, 63, 84, 183
Assize of Clarendon…………… 36, 37
presentment juries…………….. 36
Assize of Novel Disseisin…..36, 39–41
B
Baker, J.H…. 22, 33, 37, 40, 42, 43, 77, 118
Baldwin, James F. …….35, 73, 81, 85, 89, 114–22, 122
Bank of Columbia v. Okely, 17 U.S. 235 (1819) …. 203
Baronial Period of Reform, 1258 .17, 43, 50, 70–80, 85, 93, 98, 99, 106, 112, 116, 127, 132, 138
as a building block………………….. 79
Committee of Twenty-Four……… 73
community of bachelors………….. 79
Council of Fifteen… 71–80, 101, 132
Provisions of Oxford……………….. 74
Bartlett, Robert………………… 32, 43, 75
battle, trial by ….14, 22, 40, 41, 53, see also judicial proofs
Berger, Raoul…………………………… 188
Biancalana, Joseph…. 24–26, 33, 39, 41
Bible …see also church; Christian empire
Jesus Christ…………………………… 11
Luke……………………………………… 9
Matthew……………………………….. 5
Paul…………………………………… 7, 8
Romans…………………………………. 7
Saint Peter……………………………… 5
bicameralism……. see also Constitution
Bidwell, William B……………………… 149
Bill of Rights…………………………….. 164
as guiding principle………… 233, 239
English ……134, 152, 164, 165, 233, 268
incorporation of…………….. 251, 252
judicial activism……………………. 240
state bills of rights… 171, 182, 183, 192, 233, 234, 237, 239, 265
United States …182, 194, 230, 236, 251, 252, 256, 266
unnecessary….…….234, 235, 238–40
bills of attainder…… 192, 204, 213, 247
Blackstone, Sir William…. 151, 185, 201
Bonham’s Case ….see also Coke, Sir Edward
Bracton…………………………. 11, 82, 150
Bracton’s antinomy…………… 11, 13
Bracton’s two theories of kingship 11
natural law…………………………… 13
Brand, Paul……………………… 25, 82, 87
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) 257
Brown, A.L………………………………… 36
Burgh, Hubert de…………………. 70, 125
Burns, J.H…………………………………… 6
Burrell, Thomas H…..17, 21, 47, 168, 172, 174, 180, 241, 242, 245, 251–53, 257–59
C
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798) …211, 218
Cam, Helen…….. 80, 100, 121, 130, 143
Canning, J.P………………………….. 16, 46
Carpenter, D.A……………. 55, 67, 68, 75
Chapman, Nathan S……………. 186, 201
Charles I…………………….. 153, 161, 162
execution of………………………… 162
Charles II…………………………………. 162
charter of liberties……………………… 17
Henry’s……………………………. 31, 52
Stephen’s……………………………… 32
charter privileges and immunities ….17, 55
checks and balances ….see also Constitution
Cheney, C.R………………………. 9, 17, 50
Christian appeals………………………. 6, 7
null and void…………………………… 6
reason of sin……………………….. 6, 7
Christian empire………………………….. 6
consent…………………………………. 6
papal release…… 65, 79, 90, 93, 139
papal review…………………………… 7
Saint Ambrose………………………… 7
sword bearer………… 9, 44, 140, 166
temporal and spiritual swords……. 9
church ….see also Bible; Christian empire
canon law……………….. 5–14, 42, 50
corporate status……………………… 6
Petrinacy……………………………. 6, 8
reason ….7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 86, 94–96, 99, 104, 106, 109, 117, 128, 140, 149, 207, 268
Coke’s artificial reason………. 149
ratione alligatus………………….. 8
Civil Rights Act of 1866………… 243, 252
civil war………………………. 1, 19, 44, 50
American……………………… 241, 249
English ….1, 53, 65, 72, 79, 80, 147, 162
Clarke, Maude Violet………….. 124, 143
Coke, Sir Edward …..52, 53, 148, 155, 161, 185, 196, 205, 217, 231, 246, 248, 267
advocacy rather than legal history ….148
Cole, Maija J…………………………….. 149
common consent ….35, 145, 147, 159, 160, 165, 168, 185, 233, 236, 243, 267, 268
common counsel …3, 26, 29, 34, 35, 55–57, 62, 67, 72, 88, 100, 102, 109, 128, 137
assent ..……34, 35, 85, 88, 101, 102, 106, 130, 143, 175, 176
common law……………………………… 78
American adoption of…….. 170, 191
birth of………………………………… 42
common law ineffective………… 122
common-law procedure ….82, 116, 118, 126, 129, 130, see also Council sub conciliar process; assizes; due process of law; law of the land
information or suggestion……… 118
ius commune………………………… 42
king’s ability to record crimes…. 106
common utility ….7, 8, see also Christian empire; Petrinacy; kingship; judicial activism sub judicial prerogative
common good….. 67, 68, 79, 87, 207
common profit ….88, 91, 101, 102, 104, 123, 140, 268
necessity ….8, 10, 18, 44, 57, 60, 86–88, 95, 96, 114, 137, 140, 151, 163, 169, 207, 268
salus populi suprema lex ….see also commonwealth
welfare …10, 18, 44, 57, 86, 96, 102, 114, 136, 163, 166, 241, 245, 268
commonalty ……93, 106, 113, 139, see also High Court of Parliament
commonwealth …166, 267, see also judicial activism sub courtwealth
commune, London’s……………………. 46
competition over right, reason, utility, and necessity …. 91, 95, 99, 102, 106, 109, 128, 158
compurgation ….14, 15, 22, 38, 40, 61, see also judicial proofs
congressional enforcement of the law…..174, 178
Constitution
Article V………………………. 264, 268
as a black box…………. 204, 256, 264
bicameralism………….. 111, 171, 180
checks and balances… 179, 248, 266
ex post facto…………………. 192, 213
impeachment………………………. 180
ratification………………………….. 182
we the people………………. 264, 267
constitutional common law….. 191–93, 196, 202, 214, 246, 267
Constitutional Convention of 1787 …179, 188, 194, 234, 236, 266
coronation charter……………. 17, 31, 32
coronation oath ……. 14–18, 30, 31, 52, 82, 86–102, 104, 107, 128, 133, 134, 136, 139, see also kingship, theory of
inalienable rights … 16, 233, 250, 251
Costello, George A…………………….. 256
Council ….22, 34, 35, 61, 62, 69, 71–80, 80–90, 97–113, 114–22, 127, 132, 138, 140, 143, 180
chancellor ….45, 69, 72, 75, 77, 83, 115, 116, 121
committee of hearers……………. 115
conciliar process……………. 118, 120
concilium baronum………………… 69
Council’s judicial role……… 116, 145
common law ineffective……. 122
due process of law…………… 121
Council’s legislative role………… 115
false suggestions……………. 120, 121
justiciar……………. 45, 69, 72, 75–77
council-regency … see also kingship, sub regency
Coutances, Archbishop Walter de ….45, 47, 63
cruel and unusual punishment …..…see also Constitution
curia regis….. 11, 13, 27, 28, 37, 43, 117
D
Darnel’s Case …153, see also forced loans
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819) ….203, 230
Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U.S. 97 (1878)….. 211
Davies, James Conway …..86, 91, 95, 96, 99, 101–05
Davies, R.G……………. 75, 113, 114, 116
De la Pole, Chancellor………………… 131
impeachment………………………. 131
Denton, J.H……………………………….. 75
deposition …8, 16, 46, 108, 142, see also church; High Court of Parliament
Edward II’s deposition…………… 107
John’s almost………………………… 51
Richard II’s deposition…………… 134
Despensers……………………….. 105, 126
diffidatio…………….. see also feudalism
disseisin……………… see also feudalism
Dodd, Gwilym………. 6, 81, 83, 111, 112
Domesday Survey………………….. 30, 36
Douglas, David C…. 2, 15, 21, 30, 31, 37
Dred Scott…………………………. 229, 230
Due Process Clause ….2, 183, 189, 191, 211, 212, 228, 230, 231, 245, 249–64
substantive due process ….3, 230, 231, 233, 245, 252, 257
due process of law ….2, 117, 118, 121, 126, 129, 145, 154, 155, 159, 182–264, 266, 267, see also Magna Carta; Chapter 39; Fifth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment
caught red-handed………….. 23, 129
E
Easterbrook, Frank H………….. 183, 186
Edward I ….6, 19, 33, 80–91, 93, 96, 99, 101, 103, 107, 109, 114, 116, 119, 139, 144, 157, 231
Council in Parliament……………… 85
law giver………………………………. 85
Edward II …..15, 75, 91–109, 114, 116, 128, 139, 141, 144
coronation oath of…………………. 92
Edward III …108, 113, 123, 124, 130, 142
Ehrlich, Ludwik………………….. 8, 82, 93
Elton, G.R………………………………… 122
English Constitution ….1, 135, 141, 147, 165, 168, 179, 231, 265, 267
Equal Protection Clause ….see also Fourteenth Amendment
Evans, G.R…………………………………… 9
evil councilors …91, 96, 101, 104, 140, 152, 232
evolving standards of decency…….. 264
ex post facto…….. see also Constitution
excommunication …8, 9, 16, 44, 51–53, 65, 68, 71, 79, 83, 97, 124, 140, see also church
John’s………………………………….. 51
F
Farrand, Max…………………….. 179, 180
federalism………………….. 241, 256, 266
feudalism………………………. 18, 46, 128
commendation……………………… 21
Conrad II…………………………. 23, 60
consilium …21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 69, 102, 137, see also common counsel
diffidatio………………………… 25, 143
diffidation …25, 26, 44, 54, 58, 62, 108, 140, 143
disseisin…….. 24, 39, 48, 59, 61, 184
distraint …24, 36, 38, 39, 41, 49, 62, 67, 97, 138, 140, 173, 178
fealty………. 8, 15, 20, 23, 52, 57, 69
feud…………………………………….. 19
feudal contract……………………… 24
homage …21, 23, 24, 32, 52, 66, 94, 95, 108
judgment before………….. 22, 48, 54
sine judicio et injuste………….. 39
judicium parium.……………………. 57
maintenance……………………. 20, 21
oath-worthy………………………….. 20
retainers………………………………. 19
self-help………………………………. 26
surety………………… 19, 20, 120, 121
tenants in chief….. 21, 26, 28, 57, 58
Field, Justice Stephen J… 245, 249, 251, 252, 254, 257, 258
Fifteenth Amendment……………….. 241
Fifth Amendment …2, 3, 179, 182, 227, 228, 254, 256, 264, 266
plain-language construction of …183, 191, 217
Five Knights Case ..see also forced loans
forced loans……………….. 152, 153, 158
Fourteenth Amendment …3, 241, 251, 252, 256–58, 266
Equal Protection Clause …242, 252, 256, 257, 261
substantive equal protection …253
fundamental law …1, 97, see also arbitrary rule; Constitution; English Constitution
binding the king…………………… 149
Constitution………………………… 181
judicial use of ….223, 224, 246, 254–56, 258, 259, 264, 268
Magna Carta as……………….. 97, 187
prerogative a part of…………….. 154
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) …264
G
Galbraith, V.H……………………………. 30
Ganshof, F.L…………………………. 19, 21
Gaveston, Piers or Peter …91, 93, 96, 102, 105, 126
Gedicks, Frederick Mark…………….. 251
Glorious Revolution …162, 163, 165, 168, 265, 268
seven bishops case……………….. 163
Goldsworthy, Jeffrey …117, 152, 155, 157, 158, 165, 202
Great Councils …27, 34, 70, 72, 74, 75, 103, 123
Greenaway, George W………. 15, 31, 37
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) …258, 260
H
habeas corpus …2, 152, 153, 158, 162, 236
Haines, Charles Grove….. 205, 211, 251
Hamilton, Alexander …185–90, 202, 204, 205
Harding, Alan …14, 19, 22, 31, 36, 37, 40, 45, 76, 87, 110
Harrison, John……… 204, 212, 230, 231
Harriss, G.L. …….10, 72, 88–97, 99, 110–16, 124, 131–33, 144
Haxey, Thomas………………….. 134, 163
Haywood, Attorney General …193, 198, 232
heightened scrutiny …see also judicial review
Helmholz, R.H……………………………. 42
Henry I……. 6, 17, 30, 31, 45, 52, 53, 55
Henry II ….32, 35, 36, 39, 48, 49, 52, 57, 59, 63, 76, 77, 81, 183
Henry III …66–71, 78–90, 109, 127, 139, 144
majority………………………….. 67, 68
minority……………………………….. 66
Henry IV………………………………….. 134
Herle, Charles…………………………… 158
Hershey, Andrew H……… 72, 76, 77, 81
High Court of Parliament …1, 84, 129, 132, 136, 139, 142, 144, 145, 265
impeachment….. 128, 129, 131, 142
parley………………………………….. 27
parliamentary procedure……….. 133
parliamentary sovereignty …2, 3, 29, 140, 145, 165, 166, 265
partnership with community …141, 145
Holdsworth, Sir William….27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 43, 49, 55, 77, 78, 82, 83, 112, 115, 122, 149, 152, 153, 162, 165
Holmes v. Walton (New Jersey 1780) ….202
Holmes, George……………………….. 129
Holt, James C…………….. 44–64, 75, 128
House of Commons…………………. 1, 75
Commons …3, 42, 75, 100, 104–67, 181, 184, 185, 242, 265, 267
impeachment …2, 99, 108, 130–33, 135, 139, 142, 152
Hurnard, Naomi D………………………. 36
Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884) ….230, 245, 246, 248
I
indictment and presentment… 37, 38, 60, 109, 118, 121, 129, 130, 142, 154, 155, 183, 185, 190, 202, 204, 245, see also assizes; common-law procedure; due process of law; law of the land
information…….. see also common law
Innocent III, Pope…….. 9, 17, 50–54, 65
inquest ….30, 39, 76, 80, 129, see also assize
itinerant judges………………………….. 37
J
James I…………………………….. 150, 162
James II……………………………. 162, 163
Jefferson, Thomas…………………….. 237
Jensen, Merrill……………. 172, 174, 175
Johnson, Robert C…………………….. 149
Jolliffe, John Edward Austin …7–117, 19, 25, 35, 64, 103, 108, 111, 143
Judge, Igor………………………………… 55
judicial activism ….245, 256, 258, 261, 264, see also arbitrary rule
courtwealth………………………… 257
judicial anarchy……………………. 211
judicial hegemony………….. 263, 264
judicial prerogative….. 205, 240, 245
judicial state…………… 258, 267, 268
reasonableness review …3, 219, 251, 254, 255, 261, 264, 268
fairness…..204, 230, 245, 254, 257
tyranny of the majority…… 240, 248
judicial nominations………………….. 264
judicial proofs ….38, see also battle, trial by; compurgation; ordeal; trial by jury; inquest; oath; judicium parium
judicial review… 224, 227, 235, 248, 264
beyond reasonable doubt ………202, 217, 227, 248, 249
heightened scrutiny……….. 254, 255
judicial restraint…………………… 216
rational basis………………… 254, 255
vested property interests………. 211
judicium parium ….22, 38, 46, 60, 61, 109, 125–27, 129, 130, 142, 144, 181, see also feudalism; High Court of Parliament
Judson, Margaret Atwood……… 148–63
Jurow, Keith…………………………….. 120
K
Kantorowicz, Ernst………… 8, 11, 18, 99
Keeler, Mary F………………………….. 149
Keeney, Barnaby C…………………. 23, 61
Kent, Chancellor James…… 192, 237–40
Kenyon, J.P……… 148, 150, 158, 160–63
Kern, Fritz……………………. 8, 10, 29, 33
Killian, Johnny H……………………….. 256
kin…………………………………………… 19
King, P.D…………………………………… 10
kingship, theory of ….9, 18, 82, see also vicar of God; church; common utility; arbitrary rule
above the law….. 11, 12, 18, 86, 136
divine right …117, 150, 165, 205, 265
fountain of justice…………….. 10, 28
minority ….22, 66, 69, 72, 73, 78–90, 108, 127, 130–32, 138, 141
non obstante…………….. 68, 86, 164
paradox……………………………….. 29
per perceptum domini regis …59, 77, 153
per voluntatem ….10, 48, 66, 184, 233, 268
placing government in council …72, 73, 78, 131
prerogative …..127, 128, 152, 154, 265
proceedings against king or his ministers …..57, 58, 81, 93, 97, 108, 128, 136, 153
quo warranto……………… 68, 76, 80
quod habet vigorem legis principi placuit ….10
regency ….45, 66, 67, 69, 74, 78, 87, 93, 108, 124, 127, 131, 138
separate capacities……. 95, 107, 150
succession, conciliatory attitude …67, 87, 130, 134, 141
two bodies…………………….. 8, 9, 11
vicar of God ….9, 11, 33, 58, 165, see also church
gratia Dei………………. 10, 16, 29
voluntas princepis….. 29, 44, 57, 153
knights and burgesses ….75, 76, 79, 103, 106, 107, 110–12, 123, 142
L
Lackland, King John ….1, 16, 25, 35, 36, 44–66, 69, 87, 90, 139, 144
Lancaster, Henry of…………….. 106, 130
Lancaster, Thomas of…… 104, 105, 129
Langton, Stephen………………….. 51, 52
Lapsley, Gaillard T…. 107, 125, 128, 129
law of the land ….2, 42, 57, 59, 60, 69, 100, 101, 115–28, 154, 182–264, see also due process of law; Magna Carta
concept includes Parliament’s acts 155
Leges Edwardi………………………. 52, 55
Leges Henrici Primi……………. 31, 52, 55
legibus solutus …..8, see kingship, theory of sub proceedings against king
Liberty of Conscience or Declaration of Indulgence ….162
Liebermann, Felix……………………….. 27
Lindsay v. Commissioners, 2 S.C.L. 38 (Ct. App. 1796)…..209, 212–14
Locke, John…… 166, 167, 207, 233, 267
Longchamp, William…………. 45–47, 63
Lords Appellant…………………. 132, 133
Lovejoy, David S……………………….. 168
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) .259
Luscombe, D.E……………….. 7, 9, 25, 50
Lyon, Bryce …..20, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 46
M
Maddicott, J.R. 15, 27, 34, 55, 67, 72, 73, 79, 87, 90, 96, 98, 102, 105
Madison, James…………… 173, 180, 235
Magna Carta…. 2, 17, 24, 48–64, 124–26, 137, 139, 143, 154, 157, 161, 167, 169, 202, 203, 230, 231, 265, 266
Articuli super Cartas ….71, 89, 98, 101, 119, 139
Chapter 12………………… 55, 56, 137
Chapter 39 ….2, 55, 57, 60, 117, 137, 183, 266
Chapter 40……………………………. 77
Chapter ….61 55, 61, 62, 65, 67, 73, 94, 97, 137, 138
Confirmatio Cartarum of 1297 ….17, 88, 98, 268
confirmation of ….55, 70, 71, 78, 88, 97, 99, 112, 123, 125, 134, 138, 140, 143, 144, 158
taxes………… 67, 71, 88, 123, 138
foundation for statute 138, 142, 143, 205
Magna Carta as a bargaining chip ….71, 79, 138
modify………… 71, 84, 100, 157, 231
Runnymede……………………… 54, 65
spirit of………………………………… 71
Maitland, Frederic……….. 19, 22, 24, 83
Malcolm, Joyce Lee…………….. 150, 158
Markus, R.A………………………………. 14
Marshall, John………………………….. 234
Mason, George………………….. 181, 182
Matthew……………………. see also Bible
Mayo v. Wilson, 1 N.H. 53 (1817) 198, 201
McConnell, Michael W….. 186, 201, 257
McKean, Thomas………………………. 234
McKechnie, William Sharpe… 49, 53–55
McKisack, May… 110, 111, 123–25, 130
medieval political theory……………….. 5
Merciless Parliament ….130, 133, see also Richard II
Milsom, S.F.C………………………. 76, 117
Morris, Colin …….6, 7, 9, 46, 50, 51, 85, 107
Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co., 59 U.S. 272 (1856)……228, 229
Musson, Anthony… 37, 81, 98, 112, 134
Myers, A.R………………………….. 131–34
N
natural law 8, 10, 13, 14, 33, 93, 95, 136, 145, 233, see also Bracton
Necessary and Proper Clause………. 181
necessity, law of …..see also common utility; kingship sub separate capacities
Nelson, Janet…………………………….. 17
Nicol, D.M…………………………………. 10
Norman Conquest …14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 60, 66
William the Conqueror……………. 30
Normandy………………….. 45, 49, 50, 69
Northwest Ordinance…………. 183, 236
Notestein, Wallace……………………. 149
O
Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. — (2015) ….261
ordeal ….14, 22, 38, 40, 61, see also judicial proofs
Ordinances ….71, 89, 98, 99, 101, 104–06, 110, 119, 123, 125
Baronial Declaration……………….. 95
Ordainers ….80, 125, 127, 132, 140, 142, 268
right and reason ….99, see also competition over right, reason, utility, and necessity
original writs…….. 33, 77, 118, 121, 145
register of writs……………………… 81
Ormrod, Mark W…..37, 81, 98, 111, 112, 134
Osgood, Herbert L…………………….. 168
P
Palmer, Robert C………………………… 25
Paper Constitution……. 72, 73, 132, 138
Parliament …..see also High Court of Parliament
participatory government ……..2, 3, 29, 160, 165, 170, 179, 185, 197, 207, 232, 243, 252, 257, 264, 267, 268, see also High Court of Parliament; arbitrary rule; Constitution; fundamental law
Paterson, Justice ….208, 211, see also vested property interests; judicial activism
petitions. ….12, 62, 63, 70, 75–87, 98, 100, 103, 110–22, 125–44, 158, 160, 163, 229
Commons’ petitions… 111, 112, 142
grace ..10, 13, 16, 28, 48, 81, 82, 116, 117, 142, 160, 163
hallmark of the English Constitution …110
hearers………………………….. 83, 115
Petition of Right …82, 143, 152, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163, 187, 231
right to…………… 134, 163, 170, 233
Plucknett, Theodore F.T. …..7–117, 31, 84, 100, 129, 130, 132, 133, 148, 153, 162, 165, 233
police power……………………… 241, 245
Pollard, A.F…………………………………. 8
Poole, Austin Lane ….17, 22, 23, 31, 35, 37, 38, 43, 44–66
positive law …..8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 32, 60, 86, 96
Post, Gaines…………… 10, 11, 13, 18, 88
Powell v. Pennsylvania, 127 U.S. 678 (1888) ….248
Powicke, Sir Maurice …..18, 59, 66–71, 76, 78–90, 121
prerogative ….see also kingship, theory of
Prestwich, Michael ….88, 89, 91, 98, 105, 110, 123, 125
privacy, right to …3, 211, 255, 257, 258, 260
Privy Seal……….. 89, 100, 101, 119, 145
Procope, John………………………… 7, 10
Provisions of Oxford ….101, see also Baronial Reform Period
Q
Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer ….107
querelae……………….. 72, 76, 80, 81, 89
R
Rakove, Jack N…………………… 172, 174
rational basis…. see also judicial review
reason of sin ….see also Christian appeals; church
reasonableness ….see also judicial activism; church sub reason
recognition……………………… 37, 39–41
regency…… see also kingship, theory of
Relf, Frances Helen …149, 152–54, 158, 160, 161
representative government …2, 3, 171, 233, 264
republican principles …171, 196, 264, 265, 267
Reynolds, Susan………….. 14, 22, 23, 33
Richard I……… 34, 44, 45, 47, 48, 62, 73
Richard II ….3, 99, 109, 128–35, 130, 133, 147, 163, 267
Richardson, H.G. …14, 15, 18, 23, 25, 34, 49, 58, 63–66, 74, 76, 81, 85–87, 94, 104, 106, 114, 144
Riggs, Robert E……… 155, 171, 185, 188
Roberts, Chief Justice John…………. 261
Robinson, I.S………………… 5, 6, 7, 9, 16
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) ….259, 261
Rogers, Alan……………….. 109, 132, 133
Roman Catholics………………………. 162
Rothwell, Harry ….2, 46, 52, 54, 56, 61, 65, 72, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 106, 184
Rufus, William……………………………. 31
rule of law …140, 144, 203, 204, 232, 242, 243, 267, 268, see also due process of law; arbitrary rule; judicial activism
Russell, Conrad. …151, 153, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164
S
Saint Peter………. see also Bible; church
salus populi suprema lex ….see also commonwealth
same-sex marriage ….257, 261, 262, see also Obergefell v. Hodges
Saul, Nigel……………………………….. 130
Sayles, George O……… 7–117, 146, 160
Scalia, Justice Antonin……………….. 262
school desegregation…… 253, 257, 258
Schwartz, Bernard…………………….. 202
Schwoerer, Lois G. ….152, 153, 163–66, 233
scutage…………………………. 56, 66, 137
Semple, W.H……………………… 9, 17, 50
Simpson, Hartley………………………. 149
Star Chamber……………………. 122, 162
State v. —, 2 N.C. (1 Hayw.) 50 (1794) …192, 232
statute ….33, 60, 84, 86, 99, 100, 107, 110–22, 128, 143, 144, 154, 164, 231, see also High Court of Parliament
42 Edward III………………… 156, 231
annul….. 86, 114, 116, 128, 146, 163
Edwardian statute………. 84, 85, 157
equity and the rule of law… 117, 157
importance of………… 113, 114, 205
king in council enough for……….. 85
modify law………………. 84, 157, 231
ordinance…. 39, 84, 85, 99, 114, 115
resolution of justice……….. 113, 140
royal legislation……………………… 33
suspending and dispensing …10, 152, 162–64, 224, 233, 265, 268
Statute of 1341…….. 126, 127, 129, 132
Statute of York………… 15, 93, 102, 106
Stenton, Doris M………………. 22, 25, 41
Storing, Herbert J….. 181, 182, 234, 239
Stratford, Archbishop John 99, 122, 123–25, 128
Stubbs, William……………………. 15, 246
Supremacy Clause…………………….. 266
suspending and dispensing ….see also statute; common utility; kingship sub prerogative
Sutherland, Donald W…………………. 80
T
Tait, James………………………………… 47
Taney, Chief Justice Roger B. …..229, 230, 245, 253
taxation without representation ….2, 152, 265, see also arbitrary rule; Constitution
Thirteenth Amendment………. 241, 253
Thomas, Kenneth R…………………… 256
Thompson, Faith ….68, 71, 86, 97, 100, 101, 105, 114, 117, 120, 121, 134, 154
Tierney, Brian……………… 6, 7, 9, 32, 50
Tite, Colin G.C……………………. 129, 152
Tout, T.F… 74, 86, 89, 98, 101, 105, 107, 108, 129, 130
Treharne, R.F………………………… 71–80
Trevett v. Weeden (Rhode Island 1786) ….202
trial by jury ……3, 37, 38, 185, 191–93, 198, 202, 204, 213, 229, 236, 239, see also judicial proofs
petit jury………………………………. 38
Trustees of the University of North Carolina v. Foy, 5 N.C. 57 (1805)….214, 216, 217
Tudors…………….. 3, 122, 135, 145, 148
Turner, Ralph V. ….11, 35, 43, 44, 46, 48, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 67–70, 78, 86
tyranny ….49, 134, 158, 230, 239, 266–68, see also arbitrary rule; High Court of Parliament; judicial activism
U
Ullmann, Walter ….5–16, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 60
ascending theory…………………… 29
descending theory…………………. 29
V
Valente, Claire…………………… 108, 109
Van Caenegem, R.C…. 26, 31, 33, 38–41
Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance, 2 U.S. 304 (1795) ….211, see also vested property interests
vested property interests ….48, 68, 151, 177, 193, 206, 212, 214, 217, 218, 221–23
A-to-B laws…………………………. 211
due process of law……………….. 217
law of the land………………. 212, 214
natural law defense of……. 207, 208
origin of judicial activism…. 206, 211
representative consent ….151, 206, 210, 211
takings………………….. 184, 207, 217
jury required…………………… 208
just compensation …….183, 191, 208, 212, 213
necessity………………………… 207
vicar of God ….see also kingship theory; Bible; Christian empire sub two swords
vox curiae, vox Dei.……………………. 268
vox populi, vox Dei …109, see also commonwealth
W
Walter, Archbishop Hubert…………… 50
Warren, Chief Justice Earl …258, 259, 261, see also judicial activism
Watt, J.A……………………………. 6, 9, 16
we the people….. see also Constitution
Webster, Daniel …203–05, 230, 245, 247, 253
western constitutionalism……. 205, 207
White, Stephen D…………………. 148–63
Wilkinson, Bertie …..7–117, 102, 107, 125–27, 130, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 145, 211
Williams, Ryan C. …171, 183, 185, 198, 205, 214, 242
Witan………………………………………. 27
written or unwritten constitutions ….33, 35, 60, 62, 84, 203, 212, 217, 220, 224, 239, 248, 258, 267, 268
Wynehamer v. People, 13 N.Y. 378 (1856)…..217–19, 221, 223, 248
Z
Zylstra v. Corp. of Charleston, 1 S.C.L. 382 (Ct. Com. Pl. 1794) ….. 214
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